Job Satisfaction And Dissatisfaction Of Female Faculty

The purpose of this quantitative study is to determine whether or not a relationship exists between faculty member demographic characteristics and their level of job satisfaction. The research will identify factors which contribute to job satisfaction/dissatisfaction of female faculty. The research will determine if a relationship exists between institutional characteristics and the level of job satisfaction among female faculty. Ultimately, the research will suggest strategies and approaches by which issues of job satisfaction among female faculty in research and doctoral institutions of higher education can be addressed. This study is significant in that the results will provide empirical support for scholars, institutional researchers and planners, and higher education administrators who construct institutional/departmental policies regarding the professional development and retention of female faculty. The following review of the literature will begin by unpacking existing and nascent theoretical approaches used by scholars studying gender in organizational contexts. This review will also critically examine existing literature dealing with women in the academy and job satisfaction/dissatisfaction. Finally, this review will highlight any substantive research gaps in the area of female faculty and job satisfaction. A History of Gendered Organization Theory That women have historically been inhibited by dominant ideologies, blatant misogyny, and structural barriersShow MoreRelatedThe Connection Between Personal And Institutional Factors And Female Faculty Satisfaction Essay2158 Words   |  9 Pagesof existing literature on the Connection Between Personal and Institutional Factors and Female Faculty Satisfaction. The main sections included are: theoretical framework, a review of related studies with a view of exposing research gaps and the conceptual framework. 2.2. Theoretical Literature 2.2.1 Motivator-Hygiene Theory Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene theory suggests that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not two opposite ends of the same continuum, but instead are two separate and, at timesRead MoreJob Satisfaction And Organizational Commitment1669 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT Job satisfaction and organizational commitment can be for different for everyone and any institutions. It appears to be one of the most complex areas people facing today. Many organizational behavior researchers believe that in many job facets can have a huge influence on satisfaction, dissatisfaction, and commitment. 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It documents the fact that unionism has a strong negative effect on job satisfaction. Among the various hypotheses tested by this research are: that a union â€Å"voice† effect (giving workers an opportunity to express dissatisfaction with aspects of their jobs) may make workers more aware of what is wrong with the employer; and that unionized jobs are inherently unpleasant, making higher union wages a compensatingRead MoreThe Barriers Of Professionalism : A Discussion Of The Contributing Factors1743 Words   |  7 Pagesand power. Nursing needs to look beyond this obstacle and adjust the educational credentialing requirements to be treated with equality (Kidder, M., Cornelius, 2006). A decrease in qualified faculty is significant when nurses do not proceed to a more advanced level. The shortages of nursing faculties therefore trigger additional barriers that can hinder the profession by producing a decreased acceptance of students entering the nursing field. 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Integrity, Confidentiality and Professional Behavior of Internal Auditors Free Essays

Integrity According to The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), â€Å"The integrity of internal auditors established trust and thus provides the basis for reliance on their judgement†. IIA further added that to be integrity, internal auditors: * Shall perform their work with honestly, diligence, and responsibility. * Shall observe the law and make disclosures expected by the law and the profession. We will write a custom essay sample on Integrity, Confidentiality and Professional Behavior of Internal Auditors or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Shall not knowingly be a party to any illegal activity, or engage in acts that are discreditable to the profession * Shall respect and contribute to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization. According to the 2009 Global Integrity Survey conducted by Compliance Week and Integrity Interactive, polled more than 150 ethics and compliance executives at global companies worldwide. The survey shown that nearly two-third (64 percent) of respondents use risk assessment specifically to review their integrity risks and to modify their programs as necessary. It also shown that 57 percent said their internal auditors have periodically audit their integrity programs and functions. Besides that, the survey shown that nearly 80 percent of respondents commented they use the internal audit function to some extent. Melissa Klein Aguilar (2009) further added that internal audit departments play an important role in ensuring the effectiveness of the company’s integrity function. IIA do also issue a guidance says that internal auditors should â€Å"evaluate the design, implementation, and effectiveness of the organization’s ethics-related objectives, programs, and activities. Confidentiality According to Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), confidentiality is one of the four principles that internal auditors are expected to apply and uphold. IIA further explain that under confidentiality’s principle, internal auditors respect the value and ownership of information they receive and do not disclose information without appropriate authority unless there is a legal or professional obligation to do so. IIA had also outlined the rules of conduct for confidentiality, in which internal auditors: * Shall be prudent in the use and protection of information acquired in the course of their duties. * Shall not use information for any personal gain or in any manner that would be contrary to the law or detrimental to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization. Office of Internal Audit of Wayne State University further elaborates the rules of conduct that internal auditors are expected to follow in compliance with confidentiality’s principle. It stated that internal auditors shall: * Not participate in any activity or relationship that may impair or be presumed to impair their unbiased assessment. This participation includes those activities or relationships that may be in conflict with the interest of the organization. * Not accept anything that may impair or be presumed to impair their professional judgment. * Disclose all material facts known to them that, if not disclosed, may distort the reporting of activities under review. Be prudent in the use and protection of information acquired in the course of their duties. * Not use information for any personal gain or in any manner that would be contrary to the law or detrimental to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the organization. According to Chartered Institute of Internal Auditors, this principle is pertinent to internal auditors as they have access to a wide range of information and the employing organization needs to be assured that accessed information will be treated confidentially. Internal auditors also gather information through interviews, and interviewees need to feel assured that the information provided will be treated appropriately. Numerous corporate fraud cases happen in recent century such as Enron and WorldCom have triggered not only extensive academic whistleblowing studies, but also have caused legal ramifications that have led to the passage of Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 (Eaton Akers, 2007; Lacavo Ripley, 2003). Before this, there are limited studies that have used internal auditors as subjects. This could be because to the argument that the reporting make by internal auditors on corporate wrongdoings is not an act of whistleblowing, but is the role on internal auditor within the ambit of their profession (Jubb, 2000). Xu and Ziegenfuss counter-argue that what Cynthia Cooper (an internal auditor) did in the WorldCom was considered as whistleblowing, this shown that public may perceive that the internal auditor as a whistleblower. Another possibility is because of misperception that whistleblowing only relates to reporting parties outside of the organization (Keenan Krueger, 1992). According to Eaton Akers, 2007; Figg, 2000; Keenan Krueger, 1992; Near Miceli, 2008, whistleblowing can in fact occur internally or externally. Near and Miceli (1995) argue that internal auditors have higher credibility and power as whistleblower than other organizational members as they are more likely to influence management to terminate wrongdoing. According to The Global Economic Crime Survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCooper (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009), internal auditing profession is indeed an important role in organizations as most frauds were detected by internal audit. It was supported by Miceli et al. (2008) states compared to other professions, the highest reported observation of wrongdoing was reported by internal auditors. Because of the nature of their works, internal auditors have directly or indirectly seen or confronted many opportunities for corporate wrongdoing and unethical acts to occurs, and the responsibility of disclosure of any wrongdoing is embedded in their job description (Near Miceli, 1985). Another issue is on whether or not internal auditors should whistleblow when they discover organizational wrongdoings. Internal auditors always face situations that involve conflict of interest while executing their dual-role duties (Armold Ponemon, 1991; E. Z. Taylor Curtis, 2010). The dual-role duties mentioned here are the role of internal auditors as employed by the organization, which subject to the needs and requirements of their employment, and the role as members of a professional body, they are required to adhere to the profession’s ethical requirements. Ahmad and Taylor support the view and assert that the role of internal auditors in providing auditing tasks for their organizational may cause ongoing conflicts. Zhang, Chiu and Wei (2009) argue that the â€Å"disclosing insider information to outsider’s breaches obligation to the organization, violates the written or unspoken contract, and elicits damaging publicity†. However, ethically, internal whistleblowing, as opposed to external whistleblowing, is preferred. This is due to severe damage caused by external whistleblowing as compared to internal whistleblowing (Park Blenkinsopp, 2009). In order to avoid the severe damages caused by whistleblowing, Vinten (1996) has suggested that an organization may minimize the risk by internalizing the whistleblowing procedure as part of the corporate communications. By having a proper whistleblowing procedure, organizations stand to benefit from actions of whistleblowers that may cause further substantial adverse consequences such as loss of sales, costly lawsuits and negative publicity. Professional Behaviour The general public demand professional accountants maintain a high ethical standard in order to maintain public confidence in the accountancy profession (Gordon Kiernander, 2009). The ethical principles that guide the work of auditors are listed as follows: * Integrity * Objectivity * Professional Competence and Due Care * Confidentiality * Professional Behavior (Farid Kerimov, 2011) Then, the professional behavior has been defined as high expectations for the auditing profession include compliance with laws and regulations and avoidance of any conduct that might bring discredit to auditors’ work, including actions that would cause an objective third party with knowledge of the relevant information to conclude that the auditors’ work was professionally deficient. Professional behavior includes auditors’ putting forth an honest effort in performance of their duties and professional services in accordance with the relevant technical and professional standards (Government Auditing Standards, 2010). The main objective of an auditor is to purvey services at the highest standards of performance to satisfy public interest (Michael C. Knapp, 2009). However, frequently, users don’t have the needful ability to appreciate if the services offered by the auditor are or are not in accordance qualitatively with their requests, reason of which they are forced to accept till the contrary test that the auditors act in a competent and professional way. The guarantee of integrity and professional competency of an auditor can be assured by the adhesion of them at an ethical code of the profession to which they belong (R. A. Kishore Nadkarni, 2000). If internal auditors or the internal audit activity is prohibited by law or regulation from conformance with certain parts of the Standards, conformance with all other parts of the Standards and appropriate disclosures are needed. Then, IIA’s International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards) is essential in meeting the responsibilities of internal auditors and the internal audit activity (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2010). According to IIA’s International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards) Internal auditing is conducted in diverse legal and cultural environments; within organizations that vary in purpose, size, complexity, and structure; and by persons within or outside the organization. While differences may affect the practice of internal auditing in each environment, conformance with The IIA’s International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards) is essential in meeting the responsibilities of internal auditors and the internal audit activity (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2010). Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing differentiate among the varied responsibilities of the entity, the internal audit department, the director of internal auditing, and internal auditors. The responsibilities as a consultant or internal auditor are listed as follows: I. Internal auditors should be independent of the activities they audit. II. Internal audits should be performed with proficiency and due professional care. III. The scope of internal auditing should encompass the examination and evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness of the organization’s system of internal control and the quality of performance in carrying out assigned responsibilities. IV. Audit work should include planning the audit, examining and evaluating information, communication results, and follow up. V. The Director of Internal Auditing Should Properly Manage the Internal Audit Department. (IIA Standards, 2010) The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (the Act) amended the Employment Rights Act 1996 and created a right to redress, enforceable by tribunal, in the event of unfair discrimination or dismissal by one’s employer as a result of â€Å"whistleblowing† – making a disclosure in the public interest. The Act sets conditions as to the subject matter of the disclosure, the motivation and beliefs of the worker, and the person(s) to whom the disclosure is made (Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998). According to Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, the purposes of the act are: I. It aims to help prevent such disasters and corporate malpractice in general by encouraging workers with relevant information to come forward responsibly. II. The Act seeks to achieve this by offering a right to redress in the event of victimization if workers raise their concerns in the ways specified in the legislation. III. It is also hoped that the Act will promote a change in culture amongst employers, and encourage them to establish procedures to receive disclosures in good faith and act on them appropriately. The scope of the Act includes disclosures which, in the reasonable belief of the worker, show one or more of the following, taking place either in the past, the present, or likely to take place in the future: * A crime; Breach of a legal obligation (regulatory, administrative, contract law or common law); * Miscarriage of justice; (for which the appropriate prescribed person in England and Wales is the Chief Executive of the Criminal Cases Review Commission); * Danger to health and safety; (for which the appropriate prescribed person is the Health and Safety Executive, or the relevant local authority); * Damage to the environme nt; (for which the appropriate prescribed person in England and Wales is the Environment Agency); or * Attempts to cover up such malpractice. Apart from that, whistleblowers making an external disclosure to a prescribed person, instead of to their employer or via internal procedures, will be entitled to redress under the Act in the event that they suffer unfair discrimination or dismissal provided they: * make the disclosure in good faith; * reasonably believe that the information, and any allegation it contains, are substantially true; and * reasonably believe that the matter falls within the description of matters for which the person is prescribed. How to cite Integrity, Confidentiality and Professional Behavior of Internal Auditors, Essay examples

Drawing to Painting Essay Example For Students

Drawing to Painting Essay This allowed the artists to put together basic ideas and to focus on the details of the work. Also in this creative process the artist was known to use live models and the models were generally male even if the figure the artist was drawing was to be female. Perhaps one medium Raphael used was silvering on prepared pink paper that allowed the artist to portray a delicate tonal effect. The artist may have also used red chalk as a medium which was used to mimic the soft tones of flesh. Raphael then put the results of looking at the figures of the live models into a summary design of the composition and this helped him put together the lighting effects and setting for the figural arrangements. Two examples of this are Repeals work of Madonna and Child With the Infant Saint John the Baptist is a study Of the figures pyramidal grouping. Another step Raphael may have used is drawing cartoons, which were full-scale drawings. These drawings were necessary if the artist chose to paint frescoes which were done on moist plaster. Fresco is a difficult medium that forces the artist to quickly paint a small piece of plaster each day as the moist plaster and water-based colors dry quickly. When commissioning paintings or sculptures is was common practice for the artists to include a drawing or ranging to help explain the design and its details that was expected and were agreed upon by both parties. Drawings were also used as demonstration pieces for approval from patrons and for use in workshops, and these were basically complete in respect to the iconography. These types to drawings were used tort sculpting projects and illustrated the framework of the monument (Renaissance Drawings: Material And Function, 2013). When painting the Alba Madonna Raphael used oil on wood which he then transferred to canvas. The artist used oil paints for his paintings and sometimes wet plaster (for frescoes) along with the IL paint. As mentioned above, when doing frescoes the artist had to work small areas of the painting and work quickly before the plaster and paint dried quickly. Hint the artist drew before painting because he wanted to make sure the elements of the painting were correct. Also, perhaps if it was a commissioned piece or art work then he could show his ideas to the prospective client and give them idea of vat he had in mind to do. In Repeals painting of Alba Madonna think he is expressing divinity through the ideal beauty Of the figures Of Mary, Jesus and John. Perhaps through the movement that he shows through the way the Christ child seems to be accepting the cross and the way Mary is looking into the future that he is showing the things to come. I think her arm on Johns shoulder is a type of acceptance of what is to come and understanding that John will make the way for Christ. Do consider drawing to be an important art form. As mentioned in some of the articles read about Raphael and his drawings, his drawings were sometimes more detailed than the actual paintings he would take from the drawings. I think drawing allows an artist to explore their ideas thou committing to them, because once they begin with the paint there is really no going back.