The Impeachment Of Andrew Johnson Essays - Reconstruction Era

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson With the death of Lincoln, the administration fell upon a good old southerner named Andrew Johnson. Albeit a legitimate and good man, Andrew Johnson was one of the most terrible Presidents. After some time there has been a disputable discussion concerning whether Johnson had the right to be indicted, or in the event that it was an illegal endeavor by Congress to encroach upon the presidents authority. The arraignment of Andrew Johnson was politically inspired. The soul of the Jacksonian vote based system propelled Andrew Johnson. From this impact he helped found the Democratic Party in his locale and got chose for the town board in 1829. In the wake of serving in his town board for a long time he was chosen city hall leader in 1831. Johnson was a severe constructionist and a supporter of states' privileges who doubted the intensity of government at all levels. Following his term as Mayor Johnson won races to the Tennessee State governing body in 1835, 1839, and 1841. In the wake of serving these terms he was chosen for Congress in 1843. As an individual from the US House, Johnson contradicted government contribution in the countries economy through duties and inner enhancements. In 1852 Johnson lost his seat in the US House on account of manipulating by the Whig-ruled state assembly. (Jackson) Following his misfortune he returned 1853 to win a tight triumph for representative and served two terms. In 1857, Johnson was then chosen to speak to Tennessee in the US Senate. While serving in the Senate Johnson turned into an promoter of the Homestead Bill, which was contradicted by most Southern Democrats and their slave possessing, ranch constituents. (Kennedy) This issue stressed the effectively tense relations among Johnson and the well off grower in western Tennessee. Inevitably the gathering split into local groups. Johnson settled on the choice to back the Southern Democratic candidate, John Breckinridge. At this point the break among Johnson and most Southern Democrats was too profound to even consider healing. The break became last when Johnson aligned himself with star association Whigs to battle the Secessionist Democrats in his state for a while. At the point when the Civil War started, Johnson was the main Senator from a Confederate express that didn't leave Congress to come back toward the South. During the war, Johnson settled on the choice to join the Republicans in the National Union Party. In 1864, Johnson's huge break came. Lincoln chose him as bad habit presidential running mate on the National running mate. At the point when it came time for Johnson to convey his debut address he conveyed it while intoxicated, loaning belief to the bits of gossip that he was a heavy drinker. (Kennedy) Even with these gossipy tidbits skimming around it didn't stop the triumph of Lincoln and Johnson in the 1864 political decision. Inside about a month and a half of getting to work as Vice President, Johnson prevailing to the Presidency after Lincoln's death. Johnson wasn't set up for this position and confronted numerous troublesome choices. Johnson's first troublesome circumstance was building up an arrangement for the after war remaking of the association. Johnson's Reconstruction Plan permitted the previous confederate states to return rapidly to the Union. This arrangement would have left the social liberties of previous slaves totally under the support of previous slave proprietors (Kennedy). Johnson accepted severance was unlawful. He felt that the Southern states were still in the association and just needed to set up faithful governments to continue real relations with the United States. (Trefousse) Congress didn't have indistinguishable perspectives from the president however, they felt that the freedmen ought to be ensured and the intensity of the Republican Party ought to be continued in the South. Since the President couldn't ensure dark common and political rights it made adversaries pass the fourteenth Amendment in anticipation of making sure about them. His proceeded with obstinacy prompted the encircling of the Reconstruction Acts, remanding the Southern states to military standard until they liberated the blacks and sanctioned the alteration. (Trefousse) Radical Republicans in Congress wrestled control of Reconstruction from the President and started ignoring their own program Johnson's vetoes. The outcome was the section of the Tenure of Office Act. This demo nstration forestalled the President structure excusing authorities selected by him and with the exhortation and assent of the Senate without the body's endorsement. Notwithstanding this demonstration there was the Army Appropriations Act that specified that the President must transmit his requests

Marketing and Implementation Strategy Samples for Student

Question: Examine about Marketing and execution methodology ? Answer: Introducation: So as to set out any feasible arrangement, it is imperative to note down the exercises to be accomplished and their time limits. Time periods guarantee that an individual adheres to the plans and that there is zero chance of sitting around idly in different things (Saajanaho et al., 2016). It is in this way the delight of everybody to see that the plans that they set have been effectively accomplished at the opportune time. Right now, my objectives a)re: first to finish my single men degree, second is to enlist and complete my Masters qualification and third is to begin my own Fast Food joint business which will be focused on my responsibility in the production of openings for work to different young people. For this situation, the three inquiries which manage my setting and acknowledgment of my objectives are: what do you expect to accomplish? What are the desires for the general public? Do you have what it requires illuminating a social test? My drive to accomplish depend on the wa y that am a composed people who keeps time well, I can deal with focusing on assignments, am precise and am viable in an individual manner. Aside from making benefits, my objective of beginning a business is to give chance to numerous alumni who are stuck jobless in the market. This Fast Food joint business will be a beneficial business in light of the fact that a great many people in UAE have a bustling way of life and subsequently they require a helpful spot to take their suppers. In my present place of employment, I have learned consumer loyalty and record keeping aptitudes. Showcasing and usage system The execution and promoting of these objectives will be based on the immense experience that I have had while at my present work environment (Chang, 2016). Other individual characteristics are acceptable client relations, legitimate correspondence, and an engaged person. Having great relational abilities, am certain that I will have the option to continually associate with individuals for help in school work while I will have appropriate client relations to propel my business. Dangers and relief Note that running and keeping up a business is a difficult movement. A portion of the difficulties that I may confront is on enlistment of qualified individuals to work in my Fast Food joint shop (Newton et al., 2015). For this situation, I will base my determination models for the correct staff for the new business on the long periods of past experience. Another test is raising money to wander into this business. For this situation, I mean to obtain cash from family and family members on repayable footing. Having begun the business, I will have my significant other as the executive to administer the business activities while I will be experiencing the business books every day. Morals While in my present place of employment and once I go into business, genuineness to the customers, partners and my manager will be vital to my prosperity (Hartman et al., 2014). Since I was youthful, I have been straightforward with my folks and myself; same case to my boss. I obtain my inspiration from Sheik Mohammed canister Rashid, a famous business visionary that Each morning you have two choices: rest to finish your fantasies or wake up to accomplish your fantasies. Based on the six-word journal, my diary is: achievement is accomplished through difficult work and genuineness. I thusly wish to buckle down in satisfying my objectives to guarantee that inside the following five years, I will be an alternate individual, at a superior situation than I am today. I am certain that by finishing my first degree and a Masters certificate, combined with going into business, I will have satisfied my heart wants just as change the lives of others in the general public through employment creation and offering of value administrations. References Chang, J. F. (2016). Business process the board frameworks: methodology and execution. CRC Press. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. R., MacDonald, C., Hartman, L. P. (2014). Business morals: Decision making for individual honesty and social obligation. New York: McGraw-Hill. Newton, P., Chandler, V., Morris?Thomson, T., Sayer, J., Burke, L. (2015). Investigating choice and enlistment forms for recently qualified medical caretakers: a sequential?explanatory mixed?method study. Diary of cutting edge nursing, 71(1), 54-64. Saajanaho, M., Viljanen, A., Read, S., Eronen, J., Kaprio, J., Jylh, M., Rantanen, T. (2016). Portability constraint and changes in close to home objectives among more seasoned ladies. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(1), 1-10.

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Fortress of Sacsayhuaman

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Fortress of Sacsayhuaman Sample TOEFL Integrated EssayThe QuestionThis integrated question is taken from aKorean bookwhich you probably cant purchase in your country. I am not allowed to share the lecture and reading here, but if you need some practice tests I strongly recommend that you purchase theOfficial TOEFL iBT Tests Collection. It is excellent!Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayThe reading and the lecture are both about Sacsayhuaman, which is a walled fortress built by the Inca people near the city of Cuzco. The author of the reading believes that the fortress was not built for defensive purposes. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that, in fact, the fortress was built to defend the Inca against invaders.First of all, the author claims that the walls in the fortress were not solid. It is noted that the fortress actually consists of a series of walls with great gaps in between them, which invaders could have passed through. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that the gaps were left in order to conserve building materials. Furthermore, she points out that natural barriers would have provided sufficient defense in the areas where the gaps were located.Secondly, the author states that the wall contains various entryways. The article argues that these passages were not defended very well and that aggressors could have entered through them. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that the entries were left because the Inca needed to see the invaders as they approached in order to plan their strategies. She elaborates on this by mentioning that the entries were mostly windows which were too small for invaders to fit through.Finally, the author mentions that no wells have been found behind the walls. The authors opinion is that if the fortress had been blockaded by invaders the defenders would have died of thirst. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that because of the high altitude of the fortress, invaders would not have been able to sustain long attacks. She puts forth the idea that defenders could have resupplied when their attackers fell back as a result of the altitude.NoteThis is a sample TOEFL personal preference essay written by a native speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for integrated essays. If you find it useful, please remember that we have many more sample essaysfor you to read!

Importance Of Institutional Investors Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1638 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Assess the importance of institutional investors for financial markets. Institutional investors are organizations which pool large sums of money and invest those sums in securities, real property and other investment assets. They can also include operating companies which decide to invest their profits to some degree in these types of assets. Types of typical investors include banks, insurance companies, retirement or pension funds, hedge funds, sovereign wealth funds, endowment fund, investment advisors and mutual funds. A financial market is a market in which people and entities can trade financial securities, commodities, and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect supply and demand. Securities include stocks and bonds, and commodities include precious metals or agricultural goods. These financial markets are of two types; capital markets and money markets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Importance Of Institutional Investors Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Financial markets facilitate the following; the raising of capital (in the capital markets), the transfer of risk (in the derivatives markets), price discovery, global transactions with integration of financial markets, the transfer of liquidity (in the money markets) and international trade (in the currency markets). Generally these markets are used to match those who want capital to those who have it. There are plenty of paramount reasons of having institutional investors in financial markets, the importance are as elaborated below; Institutional investors have the freedom to buy and sell shares; they can play a large part in which companies stay solvent, and which go under. Influencing the conduct of listed companies, and providing them with capital are all part of the job of investment management. Also they influence in the management of corporations because they will be entitled to exercise the voting rights in a company. According to Cvetanovic (2006); Institutional investors have a high preference for liquid assets. They usually have more power than small investors to press for the lowest possible transaction costs thereby boosting liquidity in terms of share turnover in the market. For instance, in 2009, institutional investors managed financial assets in excess of USD 53 trillion, including some USD 22 trillion in equities (OECD 2011). This, in turn, can reduce the cost of capital which should make it easier for liquidity-constrained firms to obtain fresh capital infusion. Furthermore, institutional investors are small but important players in corporate governance. As large and diversified investors with strong preference orientation they have the potential and the incentive to press for value-maximizing firm governance. So, institutional investors are in the process of financial development in each country and also provide strong contribution to development of financial sector functions (Cvetanovic 2006). Large block acquisitions and disposals by institutional investors may cause major swings in share prices. There are passive investors who just replicate what large investors do in the financial market. Since institutional investors hold large sums of funds, they normally purchase companies shares and at times dispose them. In an event a huge amount of shares are bought by one of these institutional investors such as the pension funds and the insurance companies would result to a major share price rise of such shares. And once the institutional investors dispose the shares of any company they hold, would result in a fall in price of such company shares as investors would predict something wrong with the company. The behavior of institutional investors may also give rise to fads and fashions with potentially unhealthy effects on merger activity. They may cause a disproportionate rise in the share prices of the firms in which they invest. This gives the firms in which they invest a grea ter opportunity to leverage their financial position in an acquisition (Dhaliwal 1992). Financing young or small firms and businesses: Institutional investors do provide finance or private equity to small businesses by buying shares of such businesses. Institutional investors may own private equity firms, which are firms that buy the shares of new or small businesses even though the shares are not tradable on a stock exchange. Private equity firms become co-owners of the companies in which they invest and take an active managerial role in the companies. The expectation may be that the shares will eventually be sold to another private equity firm, to another firm that makes a takeover bid, or through a stock exchange when the shares are accepted for a stock exchange listing (Redhead 2008). . According to Valdez (2007) Cited in Redhead (2008:245) in 2006 the European Private equity Capital Association provides the data of the European Private Equity in 2005. Pension funds provided 24.8% of the finance, ssbanks 17.6% funds of the funds contributed 13.1%, insurance companie s provide 11.1% and individual investor 6%. In light of the assets held by institutional investors relatively to the GDP, Its clear that institutional investor as group manage very important amounts of capital ranging from capital stock equal to 81% of GDP in Germany to 191% in the U.S.A and the U.K 2001. Anglo Saxon Institutional investor hold a significance position through repartition as in Belgium, France, Italy where the active population generates the pension of the retired. These countries have developed a capitalization system where by individual save for their own pension. The Global growth rate of institutional assets/GDP ratio is large and range between 134% in France and 356% in Italy. Also the fraction of total assets invested in stock market is significantly larger in U.K and U.S.A, example in U.K invest around 65% of their resources in the stock market and in U.S.A invested in the stock market (Huyghebaert and Hulle, 2004). In view of the combination of rising weight in the economy and increasing appetite for shares, institutional investors have become an increasingly important investor group in the stock market, especially in Continental Europe. As these investors have demands, behavior and interests different from small individual shareholders, this phenomenon is likely to affect publicly quoted firms and stock markets in general (Huyghebaert and Hulle, 2004). The buy and hold policies of insurance companies and pension funds may eventually create highly volatile equity markets. Institutional investors and the liquidity of the financial markets: This deal with the ease of converting assets held by the institutional investors into cash. For one of the important properties of a stock market is that, as investors assemble information and act upon it, the information becomes reflected into the stock price. Hence the less trading, the less opportunity for information to be (timely) incorporated into the price, and the more uncertainty about the stocks underlying value. Furthermore, as liquidity decreases, fewer investors are interested in the stock, so that overall information collection tends to decline. Finally, since it is more difficult to find interested buyers, an illiquid stock is more costly to turn into cash. As a consequence, the seller of an illiquid stock will have to accept a discount on the selling price. Consequently, as uncertainty about the underlying value increases, as less investors are interested to buy it and as trading becomes more costly, the share price decreases (Huyghebaert and V. Hulle, 2004). The Institutional investor especially mutual funds are liquid since it is easy to acquire, and dispose off, portfolios of shares by means of buying and selling mutual funds. If investors need to invest in mutual fund, they will buy share or stock then they will sell when markets are rising and buy when markets start falling (Huyghebaert and V.Hulle, 2004). The necessary voting strength to influence company directors on which investments to make: This appears to be the case when their investment bank does (or prospectively does) business with the company whose shares are being analyzed. There is a conflict of interest wherein pressure from within their investment bank influences the recommendations of analysts. Good recommendations are favored in order to please corporate clients (or prospective clients). If an analyst makes a negative recommendation on the stock of a company, that company could transfer its business to another investment bank (Redhead 2008).   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Institutional Investors  Play a Role in Reducing Information Asymmetries: In the financial market, information is of paramount importance.  Institutional investors  with their large capital usually seek and demand the right information from the firms selling shares of stocks. Firms on the other hand, and in  reaction  to the demand of the  institutional investors  that they want to attract to their company, provide organized and comprehensive financial information to the public, usually by employing information intermediaries to perform the specific role (Balling, Holm and Poulsen, n.d.). In this way, large, complex and incongruent information that are circulated in the financial world is reconciled, thereby reducing the flow of asymmetrical information and attracting more investors.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Institutional Investors  Influence Corporate Governance to Increase Profitability:  Institutional investors, with their enormous wealth and ownership of the majority of stocks of a firm can influence and wield  power over  corporate governance. There are passive  institutional investors  who do not interfere with the operation of the firm. This was the case before the 1990s. But there are also  institutional investors  who seek to influence control in the management of the company to improve profitability (Bofah, 2010). The latter is a phenomenon called shareholder activism. Activist institutional shareholders stirred  financial markets  of developing nations in the 1990s. In 1992 chief executive officers of very large firms such as IBM, GENERAL MOTORS,AMERICAN EXPRESS WESTINGHOUSE And COMPAQ COMPUTERS HYPERLINK https://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/10/the-american-scholar-.htmlwere fired under the p ressure of  institutional investors. (Latest-Science  articles, n.d.) Conclusively, institutional investors are important for both the financial markets and the country as well. They hold large amounts of funds which are invested in various sectors and so play a huge part in the daily activities of the financial markets through buying and selling of numerous stocks they hold of such companies. In Tanzania, institutional investors such as banks, insurance companies and largely the pension funds, engage much in the financial markets and aid the growth of small firms in the country and boost the economy of the country.

Understand How to Safeguard Children and Young People

CYP 3.1 Understand Children and Young Person development There are many factors that influence child development, and for most of them, we do have some control. When working with children and young people it is important to have a good understanding of what children need to grow, so as professionals we are better able to address the needs. A child’s environment, for example, their family or school play a huge part in their development. Some of the main factors that influence a child’s development are their family, where the child lives, and socio-economic status. These factors often cross over and blend as they are related. Abraham Maslow (1908-70) developed a humanistic approach to create a theory of human needs†¦show more content†¦Primary and Secondary Socialisation are personal choices a child or young person will make as they grow older, as they decide on friendship groups, extra curriculum activities, academic involvement and so on. Professionals working with children and young people may need support and guidance to make the choices which are right for them. Theorists There have been a many number of theories on development and many of them will influence the way professionals work with children and young people. Psychologists have different views and theories about how children learn, some feel that a child’s ability is innate and others that it depends on the opportunities that are given. This is the ‘nature versus nature’ debate. Piaget was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Piaget’s work includes a detailed observational study of cognition in children. Piaget showed that young children think in different ways to adults. According to Piaget, children are born with a very basic mental structure (genetically inherited and evolved) on which all subsequent knowledge is based. The table below outlines the four stages Piaget’s grouped children’s cognitive development. Piaget’s four broad stages of Cognitive development Stage | Approximate age | Features | Sensori-motor | 0-2 years | * Development of object permanence * Child begins to use symbols (e.g.Show MoreRelatedUnderstand How to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People5620 Words   |  23 PagesUnderstand how to safeguard the wellbeing of children and young people Understand the importance of working in partnership with other organisations to safeguard children and young people 1. Explain the importance of safeguarding children and young people All practitioners have a duty to ensure the safety of children in their care. Children (in most cases) are unable to tell anyone if they are being abused, either out of fear, shame or because they are too young. Some children may even notRead MoreUnderstand How to Safeguard the Wellbeing for Children and Young People5125 Words   |  21 PagesCT231 Understand how to safeguard the wellbeing of children and young people 1. Understand the main legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding children and young people 1.1 Current legislation, guidelines, Policies and procedures UK Home Nation for safeguarding Children The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 †¢ Children’s rights to protection from abuse †¢ The right to express their views and be listened to †¢ The right to care †¢ ServicesRead MoreUnderstand How to Safeguard the Well Being of Children and Young People6064 Words   |  25 PagesUNDERSTANDING HOW TO SAFEGUARD THE WELL-BEING OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE ASSIGNMENT 026 TASK A Danielle Hall SECTION 1(Ref 1.1)PG1 THE MAIN CURRENT LEGISLATION, GUIDELINES, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES WITHIN OWN UK HOME NATION FOR SAFEGUARDING CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE ARE AS FOLLOWS, SAFEGUARDING (Local safeguarding Children Board, Children’s Act 1989, Protection of Children’s Act 1999, The Children’s Act (every child matters 2004) and Safeguarding Vulnerable Group’s Act 2006), Data ProtectionRead MoreUnderstand How to Safeguard the Well Being of Children and Young People3192 Words   |  13 PagesUnderstand how to safeguard the well being of children and young people 1.1. Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures with own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people Children act 1989 The Children Act 1989 was brought about to help keep children safe and well and, if necessary, help a child to live with their family by providing services appropriate to the childs needs. The Act imposes a general duty on local councils to provide a rangeRead Moreunit 025 understand how to safeguard the wellbeing of children and young people12685 Words   |  51 Pagesï » ¿025.1 Safeguarding children in Wales the Children Act 1989 legislates for England and Wales. The current guidance for Wales is Safe guarding children: working together under the Children Act 2004 (Welsh Assembly Government, 2006). The Children’s Commissioner for Wales Act 2001 created the ï ¬ rst Children’s Commissioner post in the UK. The principal aim of this position is to safeguard and promote the rights and welfare of children. In June 2010, the Welsh Assembly Government laid down the ProposedRead MoreCYP Core 3.3 Understand how to safeguard the wellbeing of children and young people2769 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Unit 3: Understand how to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People 1.1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. The Child Act 1989 was introduced to protect to children and young people from sufficient harm, neglect and abuse. I am aware of the laws that look after children and young people as it is necessary within my job description. The education Act work together as well itRead MoreUnit 333 Understand How to Safeguard the Well-Being of Children and Young People3669 Words   |  15 Pagesresponsibilities and limits of learning support staff in ensuring the safety of children and young people in a school, in terms of: †¢ Supporting the ability of children and young people to be resilient, self confident and empowered to make informed choices 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4 Explain what is meant by child protection in the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people. 1.2 | Read MoreUnit 025 Understand How to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People. Outcome 1 Understand the Main Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures for Safeguarding Children and Young People.2598 Words   |  11 PagesUnit 025 Understand how to safeguard the wellbeing of children and young people. Outcome 1 Understand the main legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding children and young people. Current legislation, guidelines, policies amp; procedures: â€Å"The Children Act 1989 An Act to reform the law relating to children; to provide for local authority services for children in need and others; to amend the law with respect to children’s homes, community homes, voluntary homes and voluntaryRead MoreUnderstanding How to Safeguard Children and Young People Essay664 Words   |  3 PagesCyp core 3.3: Understand how to safeguard the well being of children and young people Task 1 1.1 There has been certain legislation in the United Kingdom along with home policies and procedures that affect the safeguarding of children and young people. Policies and procedures for safeguarding and child protection in England and Wales are the result of the Children Act 1989 and the Children Act 2004 brought more changes that affected the way the child protection system works here in the UnitedRead MoreUnderstand the Main Legislation for Safeguarding Children and Young People1239 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 333 – Understand how to safeguard the wellbeing of children and young people. Outcome 1 – Understand the main legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding children and young people. The safe guarding of children has only been developed in the last 50 years. However it is a vital part of working with children. The legislations, guidelines and policies for safeguarding are updated all the time for the best interest of the children. The current legislations are as follows;

The Roaring 20s Free Essays

Change is an inevitable part of life. With new ideas, opinions, and morals came a new way of life. No time period in American history felt a more drastic change than the 1920s. We will write a custom essay sample on The Roaring 20s or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Roaring Twenties embraced a new culture that focused on enjoyment, art and innovations. The style of clothing, especially for women, went completely against that of the previous generation. Many people were offended by and opposed to the new style of the ‘20s which was epitomized by the flapper. 4 Women’s clothing, which was loose fitting, complimented their efforts to make their chests appear flatter. Cloche style hats were very popular and were tight around the head before flipping out at the base of the neck. 6 Year by year, the length of skirts and dresses grew noticeable shorter until it reached halfway up the knee. 7 Short, flowing skirts made dancing to the new forms of music easier. Music and dance became an important aspect in the lives of Americans. The Harlem Renaissance embraced the new American music, Jazz. Harlem came with a culture all its own. 8 Dances such as the Waltz, Foxtrot, Tango, Charleston, and Lindy Hop were performed to jazz, blues, and rag time music. These quick, energetic dances were seen as scandalous to older generations because of the physical contact they involved. From school to church, dance was involved in every part of life. 10 Entertainment fostered a sense of happiness in Americans after World War I. Movies and sports were two of the most popular pastimes during the 1920s. Silent films could be understood by all and brought happiness and laughter to their viewers. In 1923 the first â€Å"talkie† was created which eventually replaced the silent film. 14 Sportswere enjoyed not only by those who played them but also by those who watched. Among the popular sports of football, boxing, tennis, and golf, baseball remained the fan favorite. In 1927 Babe Ruth hit his record 60 home runs. Thanks to him and others like him, such as Lou Gehrig, baseball became America’s sport. 15 Interestin activities created a sense of unity in Americans. Many fads became the obsession of many Americans. Crossword puzzles became very popular. People would work on them whenever they had a free moment, and soon, contests were being held to see who could complete the puzzles the fastest. Mah-Jongg, and ancient Chinese game, became a national obsession. It replaced the game of bridge, and clubs, even, were opened for players. Many Americans participated in stunts. Flagpole sitters literally sat on flag poles to gain money or attention. Barnstormers performed stunts in airplanes while wing-walkers performed their own tricks on the plane’s wings. 16 Thesecrazes swept across the nation during the 1920s. Many innovations came about during the Roaring Twenties. Henry Ford’s affordable automobile redefined Americans’ way of life. 17 Peoplecould travel farther and faster with a car than with a horse. Vacationing became popular which caused motels and service stations to be established along popular routes. 18 In1927 Ford introduced the Model A which quickly became the most popular car in America. The new innovations of the 1920s were accompanied by new ways of thinking. New medical and scientific discoveries were made during this time. In 1920, Frederick Banting created insulin to treat diabetes. It was the first hope patients with diabetes had of living a normal life, and it even help some of those near deathmake miraculous recoveries. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the possibilities of penicillin in fighting bacteria. It wouldn’t be until several years later, however, that it would be used to save lives. 19 Theconflict between evolution and creation caused much tension. In 1925, John Scopes taught the theory of evolution to his class and was arrested. Eventually, evolution was taught in most science classes. 20 These new ways of thinking changed life in American. The Roaring Twenties is characterized as a positive and optimistic time,however, it did have its negatives. With the manufacture of alcohol made illegal by Prohibition, many people turned to speakeasies and bootlegging to get their alcohol. 21 Prohibition was supposed to lower the crime rate, but more corruption and organized crime emerged. 22 The murder rate in 118 cities was higher that one in every 100,000 in 1927. 23 Despite this problem, the positives of the Roaring Twenties outweigh the negatives. The Roaring Twenties was characterized by a lifestyle of enjoyment, art, and innovations. The 1920s focused on optimism. After World War I, Americans sought happiness in music, dancing, movies, and sports. New inventions made life easier, and all appeared well. But every up has its down, and the Roaring Twenties was no exception. Notes Feinstein, Stephen. The 1920s. (Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc. , 2001), 26 Scott, Robert. â€Å"The Roaring Twenties: A Historical Snapshot of Life in the 1920s†. available from http://www. 1920-1930. com; Internet; accessed 15 April 2009. Feinstein, The_ 1920s, _25. Langley, Susan. Roaring ‘20s Fashion: Jazz. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 2005), 95. Laubner, Fashions of the Roaring ‘20s, 47. Kallen, Stuart A. The Harlem Jazz Era. (Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books. 2004), 24. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Feinstein, The_ 1920s_, 7. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Feinstein, The_ 1920s. _ 32. Feinstein, The_ 1920s. _21. F einstein, The_ 1920s. _9. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Feinstein, The_ 1920s. _11. Frederick Hoffman, â€Å"The Spectator,† The Literary Digest, (2 July 1927). Bibliography Feinstein, Stephen. The 1920s. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc. , 2001. Kallen, Stuart A. The Harlem Jazz Era. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books. 2004. Langley, Susan. Roaring ‘20s Fashion: Jazz. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 2005. Laubner, Ellie. Fashions of the Roaring ‘20s. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 1996. Scott, Robert. â€Å"The Roaring Twenties: A Historical Snapshot of Life in the 1920s,† Available from http://www. 1920-1930. com. Internet; accessed 15 April 2009. How to cite The Roaring 20s, Essay examples

Psychoanalytic Criticism Example Essay Example

Psychoanalytic Criticism Example Paper Mliterary criticism, the reasoned consideration of literary works and issues. It applies, as a term, to any argumentation about literature, whether or not specific works are analyzed. Platos cautions against the risky consequences of poetic inspiration in general in his Republic are thus often taken as the earliest important example of literary criticism. More strictly construed, the term covers only what has been called practical criticism, the interpretation of meaning and the Judgment of quality. Criticism in this narrow sense can be distinguished not only from aesthetics (the philosophy of artistic value) but also from other matters that may concern New Criticism New Criticism emphasizes explication, or close reading, of the work itself. It rejects old historicisms attention to biographical and sociological matters. Instead, the objective determination as to how a piece works can be found through close focus and analysis, rather than through extraneous and erudite special nowledge. It has long been the pervasive and standard approach to literature in college and high school curricula. New Criticism, incorporating Formalism, examines the relationships between a texts ideas and its form, between what a text says and the way it says it. New Critics may find tension, irony, or paradox in this relation, but they usually resolve it into unity and coherence of meaning (Biddle 100). New Criticism attempts to be a science of literature, with a technical vocabulary, some of which we all had to learn in Junior high school English classes (third-person, denoument, etc. . Working with patterns of sound, imagery, narrative structure, point of view, and other techniques discernible on close reading of the text, they seek to determine the function and appropriateness of these to the self-contained work. New Critics, especially American ones in the 1940s and 1950s, attacked the standard notion of expressive realism, the romantic fallacy that literature is the efflux of a noble soul, that for example love pours out onto the page in 14 iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABABCD etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoanalytic Criticism Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoanalytic Criticism Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoanalytic Criticism Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The goal then is not the pursuit of sincerity or authenticity, but subtlety, unity, and integrityand these are properties of the text, ot the author. The work is not the authors; it was detached at birth. The authors intentions are neither available nor desirable (nor even to be taken at face value when supposedly found in direct statements by authors). Meaning exists on the page. Thus, New Critics insist that the meaning of a text is intrinsic and should not be confused with the authors intentions nor the works affective dimension (its impressionistic effects on the reader). The intentional fallacy is when one confuses the meaning of a work with the authors purported intention (expressed in letters, iaries, interviews, for example). The affective fallacy is the erroneous practice of interpreting texts according to the psychological or emotional responses of readers, confusing the text with its results. To do New Critical reading, ask yourself, How does this piece work? Look for complexities in the text: paradoxes, ironies, ambiguities. CriticismArchetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, that a texts meaning is shaped by cultural and psychological myths. Archetypes are the unknowable basic forms personified or oncretized in recurring images, symbols, or patterns which may include motifs such as the quest or the heavenly ascent, recognizable character types such as the trickster or the hero, symbols such as the apple or snake, or images such as crucifixion (as in King Kong, or Bride of Frankenstein)all laden with meaning already when employed in a particular work. Archetypal criticism gets its impetus from psychologist Carl Jung, who postulated that humankind has a collective unconscious, a kind of universal psyche, which is manifested in dreams and myths and which harbors themes and images that we all inherit. Literature, therefore, imitates not the world but rather the total dream of humankind. Jung called mythology the textbook of the archetypes (qtd. in Walker 17). Archetypal critics find New Criticism too atomistic in ignoring intertextual elements and in approaching the text as if it existed in a vacuum. After all, we recognize story patterns and symbolic associations at least from other texts we have read, if not innately; we know how to form assumptions and expectations from encounters with black hats, springtime settings, evil stepmothers, and so forth. So surely meaning cannot exist solely on the age of a work, nor can that work be treated as an independent entity. Archetypal images and story patterns encourage readers (and viewers of films and advertisements) to participate ritualistically in basic beliefs, fears, and anxieties of their age. These archetypal features not only constitute the intelligibility of the text but also tap into a level of desires and anxieties of humankind. [Whereas Freudian, Lacanian, and other schools of psychological criticism operate within a linguistic paradigm regarding the unconscious, the Jungian approach to myth emphasizes the notion of image (Walker 3). Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the methods of reading employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts. It argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the authors own neuroses. One may psychoanalyze a particular character within a literary work, but it is usually assumed that all such characters are projections of the authors psyche. one interesting facet of this approach is that it validates the importance of literature, as it is built on a literary key for the decoding. Freud himself wrote, The dream-thoughts which we first come across as we proceed with our analysis often strike us by the unusual form in which they are expressed; they are not clothed in the prosaic language usually employed by our thoughts, but are on the contrary represented symbolically by means of similes and metaphors, in images resembling those of poetic speech (26). Like psychoanalysis itself, this critical endeavor seeks evidence of unresolved emotions, psychological conflicts, guilts, ambivalences, and so forth within what may well be a disunified literary work. The authors own childhood raumas, family life, sexual conflicts, fixations, and such will be traceable within the behavior of the characters in the literary work. But psychological material will be expressed indirectly, disguised, or encoded (as in dreams) through principles such as symbolism (the repressed object represented in disguise), condensation (several located onto another image by means of association). Despite the importance of the author here, psychoanalytic criticism is similar to New Criticism in not concerning itself with what the author intended. But what the author never intended (that is, epressed) is sought.